Introduction to Reactive Programming in Spring Boot

📌 Table of Contents

What is Reactive Programming?
Benefits of Reactive Systems
Reactive Streams Specification
Project Reactor: Mono & Flux
Spring WebFlux Overview
When to Use Reactive Programming
Getting Started with Spring Boot + WebFlux
Final Thoughts

Introduction to Reactive Programming in Spring Boot

📖 1. What is Reactive Programming?

Reactive Programming is a paradigm that focuses on non-blocking, asynchronous data streams. It allows systems to react to changes — such as incoming events or data — in a responsive and scalable way.

Imagine programming where data flows like a river — you can react to it at any point using operators

⚡ 2. Benefits of Reactive Systems

✅ Non-blocking I/O → Better scalability under load
✅ Asynchronous Execution → Efficient CPU & resource usage
✅ Backpressure Support → Handles slow consumers gracefully
✅ Composable → Easily chain transformations

🔗 3. Reactive Streams Specification

Reactive Streams is a standard for asynchronous stream processing with non-blocking backpressure.

It defines 4 interfaces:

Publisher<T>
Subscriber<T>
Subscription
Processor<T, R>

Spring WebFlux uses this standard under the hood.

🌀 4. Project Reactor: Mono and Flux

Spring WebFlux uses Project Reactor, a reactive library that implements the Reactive Streams specification.

Mono<T>: 0 or 1 result
Flux<T>: 0 to many results

🔧 Example:

Mono<String> singleName = Mono.just("Ketan");

Flux<Integer> numbers = Flux.range(1, 5);

Operators like map, flatMap, filter, zip, etc., allow transformation of data streams.

🌐 5. Spring WebFlux Overview

Spring WebFlux is the reactive web framework introduced in Spring 5.

Two programming models:

Annotation-based (like Spring MVC)
Functional (Java 8 lambdas)

📦 Maven Dependency

<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>

<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-webflux</artifactId>

</dependency>

🛠️ 6. When to Use Reactive Programming

✅ Use Reactive when:

You expect high concurrency (e.g., streaming, real-time data)
I/O operations dominate processing (e.g., DB, REST APIs)
You need better resource utilization on limited threads

❌ Avoid Reactive when:

You have mostly CPU-bound tasks
You need simple synchronous flow (it adds complexity)

🚀 7. Getting Started with Spring Boot + WebFlux

👨‍💻 Sample Reactive Controller

package com.kscodes.springboot.reactive;

import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;

import reactor.core.publisher.Mono;

@RestController

@RequestMapping("/api")

public class HelloController {

@GetMapping("/hello")

public Mono<String> sayHello() {

return Mono.just("Hello from Reactive Spring Boot!");

}

🔚 8. Final Thoughts

Reactive Programming in Spring Boot opens up a world of high-performance and scalable applications. In this blog series, we’ll go deeper into Mono, Flux, WebFlux, and more.

👉 Stay tuned for the next post: “Building Reactive REST APIs with Spring WebFlux”